Classical Vs. Operant Conditioning - 1582 Words

Classical and Operant Conditioning Ivan Pavlov once said, Don t become a mere recorder of facts, but try to penetrate the mystery of their origin.† Often times in the fast pace world that college students live today many get so caught up in sheer memorization of everything that comes their way just to pass with that sought-after A. What is often looked past is the true meaning of concepts and ideas to retain the information needed for success. It was this very mindset instilled with in great men such as Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and many more who have broken new ground and uncovered amazing things so that the world is now able to have a better understanding of key concepts in how humans and animals learn. After years of work and†¦show more content†¦Things that shouldn’t be all that scary but over time have developed a stimulus that causes a reaction (Field Purkis, 2012, cited in Weiten, 2017). There are four basic terms that are very key in understanding clas sical conditioning. First, unconditioned stimulus (UCS), is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (Weiten, 2017). The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that occurs naturally without any outside interaction. This is something that happens in a person’s daily life, with no thought given to it. The second term is the unconditioned response (UCR), an unlearned reaction to a nonconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning (Weiten, 2017). This is the natural reaction to the natural stimulus. Nothing has been learned or conditioned yet, these are both baseline things happening in a natural form. Third, conditioned stimulus (CS), a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response (Weiten, 2017). Time after time the neutral stimulus slowly become the conditioned stimulus, it has slowly been developed and learned to create a stimulus. It is not something that i s recognized while it is happening, gradually helps itself in the forming of the stimulus. Lastly, the fourth term, conditioned response, a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning (Weiten, 2017). This is where theShow MoreRelatedOperant Vs. Classical Conditioning1211 Words   |  5 PagesOperant and Classical Conditioning Tiara Gordon PS 210 Professor Rivera Introduction Operant and Classical conditioning reminds me of the famous controversy, nature vs nurture. It’s like having a pessimistic or optimistic view on learning techniques and how much of the environment or genes influence the two. These learned behaviors have been scrutinized by people alike, some have debated that everything we do from the time we wake up to the time we go to sleep is operant conditioningRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning1172 Words   |  5 PagesPavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studiesRead MoreClassical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pages 1. a) Define Classical Conditioning and Behaviorism. b) Identify the two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a type of learning process of an individual when they come in contact with certain stimuli. According to Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, he developed several experiments on learning and he discovered that classical condition is the basic form of learning for an individual. However, according to Pavlov, behaviorismRead MoreClassical Vs. Operant Conditioning1072 Words   |  5 Pages PsychSim 5: OPERANT CONDITIONING Name: Melissa Mallay Section: 130-01 Date: February 25, 2015 Classical Versus Operant Conditioning †¢ What is the distinction between classical and operant conditioning? In Operant conditioning, subjects learn from experiences and create a relationship between behavior and consequences. As a result, when actions are provided with a favorable result, they are reproduced. Likewise, unfavorable actions are not reproduced because the subject operates inRead MoreLearning and Development Theories939 Words   |  4 Pagesexplaining the development of individuals. Classical and Operant Conditioning: One of the most important learning theories is classical conditioning that was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist who discovered the phenomenon while conducting analysis on digestion. Classical conditioning basically refers to the automatic or effortless reaction to stimuli and is commonly known as respondent or Pavlovian conditioning. This type of conditioning takes place when animals learn to relate thingsRead MoreThe Process of Conditioning963 Words   |  4 PagesFlorida Sahay Professor Griffin Psychology 1101 Fall 2009 The Conditioning Process It was raining when Sarah was driving home from work. Both she and the driver of the car in front of her were speeding. The car in front of her had immediately braked. There was not enough distance between that car and her own car to safely slow to a stop, so she had quickly switched lanes to avoid a car accident. Instead, the slick pavement caused her car to swerve out of control. When her car finallyRead MorePsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviors using conditioned responses. Pavlovs views intrigued American John Watson, who pushed the idea forward in up through the 1950s. Building on these theories, but amending the model with the effects of punishment and reward, B.F. Skinners work had a revolutionary effect on behaviorism, now called operant conditioning (Shiraev, 2010, pp. 246-54). Learning Theory- Some say a logical reactionRead MoreBowlby s Theory Of Attachment1255 Words   |  6 Pages(Bruno et al., 2014) Pavlov and Skinner are two other theorists with views on behaviours which can be applied to attachment. Pavlov’s theory is that of classical conditioning which focuses on involuntary behaviours. While Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviours. (Cherry, no date) Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning is that an unconditioned stimulus will trigger an unconditioned response. The unconditioned stimulus in attachment is the milk and the unconditionedRead MoreEssay on connecting the dots608 Words   |  3 Pages Define classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is: the learning that takes place based on an association of stimulus that does not elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit a response. Operant conditioning is:a process in which a response is gradually learned via reinforcement or punishment. How are they the same? They are the same because they are both are gradual process. How are they different? They are different because in Classical conditioning stimulusRead MoreThere Are Many Types Of Conditioning That People Used To1427 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many types of conditioning that people used to learn things. The first type of condition that we talk about in this paper is classical condition. The second type of conditioning is called operant conditioning. And the last type of conditioning is vicarious conditioning / Observational Learning. These are the 3 main types of conditioning that we use in are daily life. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is one of the most basic forms of learning that we use today. You can see it

Many MNEs may want to start operations in some foreign country Essay Free Essays

Establishment manner means that the MNE starts its operations from abrasion in the foreign state normally through a entirely owned subordinate where as in entry manner ; this can be accomplished by a subordinate or through partnership with a local party which involves shared ownership. In this survey the writers examine the consequence of same variables on both these picks available to a company. They do it through a series of hypotheses. We will write a custom essay sample on Many MNEs may want to start operations in some foreign country Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first hypothesis measures the positive consequence of greater institutional promotion on the pick that the company makes. Institutional promotion is defined in the survey as refering to alterations in formal establishments over a period of clip. It is argued that regulative forces are likely to be a large influence on a determination that an MNE makes with respect to its constitution or entry pick. Regulative forces or instead Regulative forces as described in the survey are non limited to Torahs and ordinances merely but besides include political and other societal factors. The writers conclude that institutional promotion has a positive consequence on the pick to set up a subordinate with shared ownership. The 2nd hypothesis postulated by the authors’ measures the chairing consequence of institutional promotion on the inclination of a technologically intense house to either travel for constitution manner or entry manner. It is argued that houses which are engineering intense should travel for constitution manner because their competitory advantages are embedded in their labour force accomplishments and organisational patterns so it is more efficient for them to get down from abrasion. They should engage and develop the local labour force. Furthermore in instance of a joint venture or portion ownership of the subordinate. protecting the rational rights can be an issue. Protection of such rights is dependent on the judicial system. In passage economic sciences where the bench is corrupt and rational belongings rights are non respected. an MNE would be loath to reassign its engineering. Therefore writers conclude that house with advanced proprietary engineering are likely to prefer establishment manner but degree of institutional promotion has a positive moderating consequence on such a house traveling for entry manner. The 3rd hypothesis measures the chairing consequence of institutional promotion on a multidomestic MNE to either travel for constitution of entry manner. Multidomestic houses are defined as those which pursue multidomestic scheme and want to set up a sustainable local market presence. For such MNEs geting a local company is a more attractive option because such acquisition can supply them with local trade names. market cognition. distribution channels and web relationships with the host country’s other concerns and authorities. How the restructuring and realignment of the acquired entity can be really ambitious. The houses in the host state are likely to be following a different paradigm. But on the other manus if an MNE goes for shared ownership or entry manner. it can carry through more without confronting these troubles. It is argues that a multidomestic MNE requires lesser control on the subordinate. If this is so so subordinates in the host state can hold considerable freedom and run on their ain to the full leveraging their local expertness. Hence it is concluded institutional promotion has a positive moderating consequence on a multidomestic MNE to travel for entry manner. Finally the writers have used an international study to garner the information to back up their findings. The study consists of a questionnaire with 33 unfastened and near complete inquiries. Furthermore the MNE’s latest constitution manner pick or entry manner pick has been taken as the dependant variable. Review This survey is no uncertainty a valuable plus for directors and pupils likewise in analyzing the behaviour of MNEs in doing their picks when it comes to Foreign Direct Investment but however it has a few defects and failings. But the biggest defect of this survey is the range. The writers have chiefly taken a sample of European MNEs. And the so called economic systems in passage are fundamentally east European states which were one time under the Fe drape. First we need to see the fact that Europeans MNEs may be really different from Nipponese or American MNEs and so forth. The constitution or entry manner pick for Nipponese houses may be dependent on or moderated by variables other than the 1s discussed here. Similarly an MNE whether European or Nipponese may make up one’s mind to put in some state in Central Asia or North Africa or even South Asia. The market conditions in these states are really different from those of the passage economic systems discussed by the writers. This means that the findings in this survey are non universally applicable. Nevertheless it is a valuable add-on to our cognition sing MNE behaviour in doing Foreign Direct Investment determinations. But for any research worker seeking to confer with this survey. it is really of import to maintain the above mentioned restrictions in head. How to cite Many MNEs may want to start operations in some foreign country Essay, Essay examples

Stop Terrorism free essay sample

Like many, I was upset about the horrific terrorist attacks on London on July 7th. I spent a few days in London just this past Christmas. I know my way around the Tube. It gave me flashbacks of my days working at Ground Zero right after the September 11th attacks, and the thousands of grieving people I met in the months afterwards as a Red Cross coordinator of chaplains at the New York Family Assistance Center. ? However, I am equally upset by the ongoing U. S. terrorist attacks on Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine and elsewhere.My heart breaks with every report of the hundreds of nameless people who die from our bombs, our weapons, our soldiers. ? For me, then the question, ? How to Stop Terrorism is easy. We stop terrorism first of all by stopping our own terrorism! We cannot fight terrorism by becoming terrorists. We cannot end terrorism by using the methods of terrorism to bomb and kill Iraqis, to occupy Iraq, to support the terrorist occupation of the Palestinians, and to hold the world hostage with our nuclear weapons. We will write a custom essay sample on Stop Terrorism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We must bring the troops home from Iraq, fund nonviolent democratic peacemakers in Iraq, send food and medicine to Iraq, support United Nations? nonviolent peacemaking solutions, end world hunger immediately, cut all U. S. military aid everywhere, dismantle every one of our nuclear weapons, fund jobs, education and healthcare at home and abroad, clean up the environment and teach nonviolence to everyone around the world, beginning at home in every U. S. classroom. ? As I watch the TV news reporters and commentators, I am amazed at their lack of understanding.Half the world considers the United States the leading terrorist in the world, by our public spokespeople remain clueless about what? s really going on. We are seen as terrorists by many around the world because we bombed and killed 100,000 people in Iraq in 2003, and because we have over 20,000 weapons of mass destruction, (many of them in my neighborhood in New Mexico), which we are willing to use on any nation that does not support ? U. S. interests.? Our wars and bombing raids and hostility toward the world? s poor are turning the world against us.We are breeding thousands of new terrorists, desperate poor people who have nothing, whose backs are up against the wall, and who have learned from our total violence to adopt the lunacy of violence, even suicidal violence, to strike back, blow up trains and buses, and spend their lives spreading fear. ? Violence in response to violence can only lead to further violence. Jesus taught us that as the soldiers were dragging him away to his death when he said, ? Those who live by the sword, will die by the sword. ? Gandhi taught us that when he said, ? An eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind.? Violence cannot stop violence. We have to break the cycle of violence, renounce violence, start practicing creative active nonviolence on a level that the world has never seen, and reach out and embrace the world? s poor by meeting their every need. Then, we will win over the world, and no one will ever want to hurt a Westerner again. On that new day, we will sow the seeds of love and peace and discover what a world without terrorism, war, poverty, and fear is like. ? I remember with sadness meeting thousands of Iraqis in 1999 when I led a group of Nobel Peace Prize winners to Baghdad.We asked everyone the simple question, ? What do you want us to do Everyone we met, from the Papal Nuncio to the Muslim Iman to the non-governmental organization leaders (including the late, great Margaret Hassan) to hundreds of high school children to the hundreds of mothers holding their dying children, said: ? Don? t kill us!? That sounds so obvious, but they said it with tears. If you want to help us, don? t kill us! If you want us to live in peace, don? t kill us! If you want us to be friends with you, don? t kill us!If you want Iraq to create a new democracy, don? t kill us! Send us food and medicine instead, and fund nonviolent, democratic movements for peace. Then, we will live in peace with you. ? I reject violence and espouse only nonviolence, but I know that most Americans support, even relish violence, anything for ? God and country,? they say. If people really believe in violence and justified warfare, then why should they be upset when individuals, or hundreds, or thousands, or maybe someday millions of people turn against the United States, England, or ther first world nations in acts of terrorism? What do they expect when we have shown only hostility to the world? s poor, when we have practiced genocide against people in Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine, Darfur, Haiti, and elsewhere? Why are people who espouse violenceincluding most Americans, most TV commentators, most government officials, even most church peopleso upset about these terrorist attacks, when they themselves support terrorism upon sisters and brothers elsewhere on the planet? I do not understand our love of violence. If you want other people to be nonviolent, you first have to be nonviolent. If you want to remove the speck from someone else? s eye, you have to remove the two by four from your own head. If you want other nations to hold you in high regard, you first have to hold other nations in high regard, and treat every human being on the planet as a sister and brother. As someone once said, ? Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.?That is the answer to the nightmare of terrorism. ? On August 6th, thousands of us across the country will remember that the United States vaporized 140,000 innocent, ordinary people sixty years ago in Hiroshima, Japan, in the ultimate terrorist attack. That morning, hundreds of us will converge on Los Alamos, New Mexico, the birthplace of the bomb, and citing the book of Jonah, we will put on sackcloth and ashes, repent for the sin of war and nuclear weapons, and beg the God of peace for the disarmament of the world.That afternoon, I will fly to Las Vegas, to join over five hundred people of faith in a three day interfaith peace conference, where I will speak and then we will drive out to the Nevada Test Site, where hundreds of us will commit civil disobedience by walking onto the Test Site and getting arrested in a peaceful demand that they close this U. S. nuclear terrorist training camp. I hope everyone everywhere will stand up in protest against nuclear terrorism on August 6th. ? How do we stop terrorism? Renounce every trace of violence in your heart and your life.Adopt the wisdom and practice of active nonviolence, as Gandhi and Dr. King taught. Beg the God of peace for the gift of peace. Join your local peace and justice group. Stand up publicly for an end to war. Let your life be disrupted, and take a new, nonviolent risk for disarmament. Create new cells of active nonviolence. Embrace the religious roots of nonviolence. Study and teach the wisdom of nonviolence. Resist your local military and government violence. Stop business as usual, government as usual, media as usual, war as usual and demand peace, justice, and disarmament for the whole world, now.Announce the vision of a new nonviolent world, a disarmed world, a world without war, poverty, injustice or nuclear weapons. Explain how such a world is possible if we give our lives for it, demand it, insist on it, work for it, and begin to live it. ? Rev. John Dear is a Catholic peace, peace activist, and coordinator of Pax Christi New Mexico, a Catholic peace group. He is the author/editor of 20 books on peace and nonviolence, including two books just published from Doubleday, â€Å"Living Peace† and â€Å"The Questions of Jesus†. For information, see: www. johndear. org

Movie Summary East is East Essay Example

Movie Summary East is East Paper 1.0 Synopsis Sajid Khan is a British-Pakistani boy who lives in Salford, North of England in 1976. Sajid, now 15, has reached puberty and tried to figure out who he is and where he belongs. His father embraces Pakistani background and forces Sajid to do the same. He doesnt want to embrace his Pakistani life as he was born and raised as an English man. In school, he often gets bullied by his schoolmates due to his Pakistani background. He plays truant to avoid the bullies and to fill his empty mind by shoplifting then get caught. Sajid has two brothers, Nazir, and Maanir. Maanir is in Pakistan on a mission to find a Pakistan girl to wed to and bring her back in the UK and live there. Nazir rarely communicates with them and has an English girlfriend in England who is unaware of his true ethnicity. A devastated George, states all of his other children in England have become British, and he cannot lose Sajid as well. So, he decides to take him to Pakistan to meet his extended family. In Pakistan, Sajid cannot picture himself living there, so he becomes grumpy and ignorant all the time. Later, Sajid gradually appreciates his culture and new surroundings which please George. Sajid’s mother, Ella comes to Pakistan and intended to bring Sajid back to England but surprise to hear that her son isnt coming back home. Ella meets George first wife, they fight at first but instantly makeup, and George told Ella he loves her so much. The film ends with George and his England-based family returning home and Sajid fi nally proud of his Asian background while George is happy now serves Pakistani-style kebabs. (Wikipedia, 2001.) We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary East is East specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary East is East specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary East is East specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2.0 Cultural Elements I. Individualism Vs. Collectivism Scene George and Sajid have just arrived at the airport in Pakistan. When they leave the airport building, a great mass of people including their relatives is outside waiting for the British guests. Sajid is quite confused and mistakenly greets an old beggar woman who is

102 Intro to Monster Theory Professor Ramos Blog

102 Intro to Monster Theory Quick Write Quick Write What is a Monster? Define the term monster in your own words. You definition should be a brief paragraph that explains what a monster is. Make sure to include the physical and behavioral characteristics. mon ·ster  noun 1. an imaginary creature that is typically large, ugly, and frightening. Introduction We are going to be starting the second and final unit of the course, Monsters. We will read, write, and think critically about monsters of many kinds. Monsters and Monstrosity will provide us the opportunity to learn about a phenomenon that stretches across multiple cultures and time periods. Monsters will also give you a better understanding of both cultural history and the world today. Monsters are all around us. In the movies we watch, the books we write, and in every aspect of life. Monsters are fear inducing. But monsters are also cuddly like Sully, Cookie Monster, and The Count on Sesame Street. Monsters have always been symbolic creatures, generally representing darkness and evil. The villain for the hero to vanquish. The Latin word monstrum refers to both a monster and a sign that something momentous or calamitous is likely to happen. Why Monsters? â€Å"What I will propose here by way of a first foray, as entrance into this book of monstrous content, is a sketch of a new modus legendi: a method of reading cultures from the monsters they engender† (Cohen 3). The theses are tools for us to use to analyze monster, in the cultural studies sense. The monsters the cultures produce say a lot about that culture. We create monsters that evolve over time, sometimes purposely for whatever reason. Monster Culture (Seven Theses) Our purpose for today is to understand the seven theses on Monsters and Monstrosity and to develop a good resources that will help us to remember and use the theses in our writing. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen – Monster Culture (Seven Theses)  (p. 3-20) We read Cohen’s Monster Culture: Seven Theses for today. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen argues that we can read â€Å"cultures from the monsters they engender† (3). This is chapter one of his book  Monster Theory: Reading Culture.   From the editor/author’s website: We live in a time of monsters. Monsters provide a key to understanding the culture that spawned them. So argue the essays in this wide-ranging and fascinating collection that asks the question, What happens when critical theorists take the study of monsters seriously as a means of examining our culture? In viewing the monstrous body as a metaphor for the cultural body, the contributors to Monster Theory consider beasts, demons, freaks, and fiends as symbolic expressions of cultural unease that pervade a society and shape its collective behavior. Through a historical sampling of monsters, these essays argue that our fascination for the monstrous testifies to our continued desire to explore difference and prohibition.  JeffreyJeromeCohen.com Monster Theory Thesis I. The Monster’s Body Is a Cultural Body (4) Thesis II. The Monster Always Escapes (4) Thesis III. The Monster Is the Harbinger of Category Crisis (6) Thesis IV. The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference (7) Thesis V. The Monster Polices the Borders of the Possible (12) Thesis VI. Fear of the Monster Is Really a Kind of Desire (16) Thesis VII. The Monster Stands at the Threshold . . . of Becoming (20) In groups, develop a list of the important points, lessons, takeaways, and examples that we need to understand in order to understand the thesis. Write a short summary explaining the points of the thesis. Make sure you label which thesis you are writing about. This is very important because we will be using monster theory to write the last two essays in the course. The better we understand the theory, the better we will be able to apply it. Monster Thesis 1: The Monster’s Body is a Cultural Body Each culture will produce their own monsters and their own versions of monsters. â€Å"The monstrous body is pure culture† (4).

Beta Performance Management System of HRM †Free Samples

Performance management is a concept essential in the field of human resource management involved with the continuous process of identifying, measuring and developing person performance and aligning the same with strategic goals of organizations. The executive and the middle-level management are tasked with the responsibility of making decisions in the increasingly plex and petitive pharmaceutical industry. The performance management in such organizations must be innovative, flexible, cohesive, and customer focused. In achieving his, panies need o establish a balance between customer, the organization and operating factors focused on meeting organizational goals. In this case, panies can reconfigure their performance management to reflect and deliver a real strategic and global offering for the market.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Beta Pharmaceuticals symbolizes a good state of mind which drives the business purpose of the organization aiming at making individuals feel beer from heir sicknesses. From its inception, the pany has always strived to deliver to the customers by distributing products to the drug stores as well as maintaining its production. Since establishment, the firm holds an integral leadership position in the pharmaceutical industry. We perceive enterprise as a means to the wellbeing of employees, investors, and the munity through revenues and ethical consideration in business.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mission is the provision of innovative and quality products produced through an ethical work environment that provides benefits to the consumers and stakeholders. All the functions in the interplay are played by different individuals with several departments existing towards the improved functioning. The agencies ensure proper munication with the employees for an efficient and productive training to their employees as well as pensation matching and promoting their skills. The departments include the sales and marketing, accounts division, purchase, and maintenance division, transport and distribution, the finance and audit, lab, IT department, and the human resource department.   The units work together towards the wholesome productivity of the firm. The internal and external environments matter a lot to the productivity standards of the firm. The firm is keen in operations within the organization such as the distribution channels, goal setting, recruitment and selection, and pensation strategies towards success and petitive advantage (Cummings & Worley, 2014). The external factors to the organization such as markets, the audience, raw materials, technology, and information on the trends in pharmaceuticals department matter a lot to the organization. In response to the factors, the team carries out several activities towards increasing the performance of the workers and subsequent attraction of consumers to the product of the pany. According to Ramlall (2004), it is necessary to carry out proper appraisal training in increasing organization performance, to assess the skills and qualification of employees towards achieving the overall goals of the organization. There is a need for the employees to understand the diverse needs expressed in the appraisal for an effective use that projects the actual picture of the workers to guarantee success. In this respect, the firm offers training opportunities to the employees on the procedures followed and the need for the appraisal. Thus, it makes clear that the appraisal is for quality performance measurement aimed at identifying the weak points in the section and ing up with the results to tackling employees issues in the organization (Al Ariss, Cascio & Paauwe, 2014). At the same time, the appraisal activities aim at empowering and appreciating employees through promotions to boost their morale towards production and development. To begin with, employees are tasked with the role of conducting a self-appraisal process where each employee analyzes themselves and e out with necessary feedback on the areas for improvement as well as the strong points to enable a smooth flow in operations (Van Dooren, Bouckaert & Halligan, 2015). The appraisal form entails several aspects of measurement where an individual follows while recording the level of strength and weaknesses thus enabling the management to determine the areas for improvement. Apart from the self-appraisal provisions, the firm has the overall assessment conducted by the human resource department where the human resource department sends individuals to various areas of the operation to monitor and record the performance standards of the individuals according to their ability to deliver the goals and visions of the pany. The higher their levels and ability to achieve the same determines the extent to which an individual is beneficial to the firm. Therefore, it is important for the appraisal to be conducted in the two categories where a parison is made to determine areas up for improvement. The recruitment aspect of the firm remains petitive with the human resource department creating a pool of candidates to the selection team. The group advertises widely depending on the need for fresh employees where marketing is done on the social media, the media stations, as well as the print media and training schools to attract the best-placed persons to drive success to the firm (Buckingham & Goodall, 2015). The pany uses the external recruitment in cases where there exist limited internal options and thus utilizes advertisements, employment agency sources, and special referrals. The pany understands the important of in-sourcing as a measure to strong performance. In the process of working, employees undergo training activities where they improve their overall strengths while being watched and appraised by the human resource department. In the case of a vacancy in any of the departments, the firm first looks at the options presented by the internal team and decides whether to weigh in on the option of internal selection or the exterior option. The internal recruitment has the benefit of cost reduction since the workers already know the goals and visions of the firm thus needing little training towards the new position acquired (Knies, Boselie, Gould-Williams & Vandenabeele, 2015). At the same time, it acts as a motivation tool for the workers towards hard work leading to success and posterity.  Ã‚   The firm values the employees as vital contributors to the economy of the enterprise thus continually measure their ability in production and overall development. The first means that the firm uses involves setting the performance management goals whose indicators are well explained to the workers (Aguinis, 2013). For instance, an increase in the profitability of the firm is determined at the level of every worker to discover the standard of petence of each employee and how it achieves the productivity levels leading to a steady revenue stream (Mone & London, 2014). The firm uses seven categories while evaluation the overall performance of workers in its appraisal system. Productivity begins with the level of mitment an individual gives to an organization based on the time spent in production (Aguinis, 2013). Therefore, ing late to work says a lot about the productivity standards of individuals and their level of mitment to the same. Employees with regular lateness cases or frequent absenteeism are more unlikely to produce more to the firm (De Waal, 2013). Hence, training on the essence of observing time allocated for productivity must be done to encourage individuals towards better production and activeness in the organization. Such an issue is important to the wellbeing of the firm. The category is equally important as it measures the type and level of work done by individuals towards the overall goal of the firm. The aspects focus on the time taken in production as pared to the average requirements, mitment to work, the ability to take more hours in production, and the rate at which one meets their set targets (DeNisi & Smith, 2014). The aspects guide an assessor towards determining the level of productivity for individuals. The personal habits of individuals can either boost or decrease their performance in an organization. The category focuses on observing the patterns of people during work hours such as relaxation during work, unnecessary breaks, and the use of firm resources for personal reasons. In preventing the spread of such behaviors, it is proper to set the overall guidelines to the limit of the same in the workplace to create a positive environment for growth (Bernardin & Wiatrowski, 2013). Employees observed to be carrying out the practices ought to be reprieved and advised on the best practice that initiates change to organizations. Employees with special attributes and mitment can be assessed through a similar mirror that projects their engagement and success. The appraisal team shall carry random checks on the employees to determine their performance and level of mitment. The category is essential in establishing the performance standards of individuals when alone and in the absence of their respective supervisors. At the same time, it shall be used to assess the personal presentation such as the dressing styles, professional engagement with the clients, and public relations (Dusterhoff, Cunningham & MacGregor, 2014). Besides, it shall be used to check on their attitudes in the workplace. Poor attitudes demonstrated by workers leads to poor performance and the unlikely nature of individuals meeting their targets. The aspects are carried out on a continuous basis to cover all the areas and avoid the possibility of bias during assessment and project the actual image of individuals in the society. At the same time, it is used to ascertain the ethical levels of individuals during operations.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employee performance measurement is used to determine an employee’s pensation, promotion, and future benefits and thus have to be done with utmost integrity and fairness. In this case, the management establishes the expected performance standards first before selecting the method to be used. According to Aggarwal & Thakur (2013), the method is ideal for the production department where it consists of a rating scale of different duties and performance standards on a rating scale of 1-5. The supervisor’s base on the performance measurement objectives stated above to rate workers according to the different categories. The ratings allow for an overall putation that indicates the level of success for the organization and the type of benefits realized through their productivity (Jenter & Kanaan, 2015). The rating scale is fair as it gives the management a true picture especially if the rating is done by different people in the organization. This, the method shall feature in the performance management. The method is useful in the organization’s performance measurement where it is used in the management positions that identify the goals of the organization and the level at which the workers in the several departments achieve their success (Javidmehr & Ebrahimpour, 2015). Another category indicates the time taken by individuals to plete tasks related to their respective duties. Here, the performance of an employee is measured against the time taken to a plish a given task within the time set by the organization.  Ã‚  Ã‚   A proper munication plan featuring direct and group munication shall be done on a departmental basis to air out the issues raised. The munication plan shall be characterized by supervisors talking directly to the workers at the group and individual level to have them understand the results of the assessment (Noe, Wilk, Mullen & Wanek, 2014). Once the human resource assesses employees within Beta Pharmaceuticals based on their skills, it shall embark on munication process where employees shall receive feedback on their performance margins to pare with their self-assessment. At this stage, each employee shall receive information from their respective supervisor based on the considerations of the results observed and have a one on one talk to air out issues for improvement (Elnaga & Imran, 2013). The performance management shall enable individual to understand their weaknesses and gain the ability to raise themselves towards the expected standards of the organization. There are cases where employees feel information bias and thus need to appeal on the results of the discussion. In such a case, the firm sets an appeal procedure to resolve the disagreements arising from the performance evaluation process. The first step granted to employees involves a written submission within one week with the employee having duly signed the document to the human resource department (Richard, 2014). In response, a member of the human resource shall conduct a confidential investigation while gathering information from the immediate supervisor and the employee through discussions and develop a r mendation to the team. The information shall be considered with the evidence given and a r mendation given within five working days to address the grievance and opt for another assessment at the management’s discretion.   In solving the performance issues raised or observed from the workers, the firm shall initiate a set of measures to address the problems to a better employee performance standard (Sung & Choi, 2014). Training is an essential way of looking into the employee issues and addressing their concerns. Aguinis (2013) suggests that the necessity of training assists in fostering success through workshops focused groups, and mentoring processes that drive knowledge and necessary skills in operation management. On the other hand, education is important, where workers demonstrating the need for development and ability can be given scholarships to respective fields and have them e back to incorporate the knowledge received to the organization (Shuck, Twyford, Reio & Shuck, 2014). At the same time, induction programs assist in fostering knowledge as well as hands-on training and mentoring processes that assist employees in determining solutions to their weak points. Morale boosting is necessary to articulate issues within the organization and ways to ove e the same. According to (Aguinis, 2013), performing employees are supposed to be appreciated through group recognition, promotion, bonuses, and improved salaries based on their performance. The step encourages the employees towards career growth where internal recruitment exists for their benefit and that of the organization (Kulkarni, 2013). All the development programs aimed at assisting individuals to focus on the goal and vision of the organization and improve the existing culture through deeper engagement and participation. The performance management at Beta Pharmaceuticals is well planned towards improving employee engagement. The different methods used to aim at giving unbiased reports on individuals with rooms existing for change in case of an appeal. In response to the evaluation, the firm has several channels of improving employee performance and development as well as a reward scheme that not only uses the monetary system but also non-monetary options touching on employee motivation. Consequently, the method if implemented successfully benefits the firm. Aguinis, H. (2013). Performance management (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN-13:9780132556385 Aggarwal, A., & Thakur, G. S. M. (2013). Techniques of performance appraisal-a review.  International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT),  2(3), 617-621. Al Ariss, A., Cascio, W. F., & Paauwe, J. (2014). Talent management: Current theories and future research directions.  Journal of World Business,  49(2), 173-179. Bernardin, H. J., & Wiatrowski, M. (2013). Performance appraisal.  Psychology and Policing,  257. Buckingham, M., & Goodall, A. (2015). Reinventing performance management.  Harvard Business Review,  93(4), 40-50. Cummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2014).  Organization development and change. Cengage learning. De Waal, A. (2013).  Strategic Performance Management: A managerial and behavioral approach. Palgrave Macmillan. DeNisi, A., & Smith, C. E. (2014). Performance appraisal, performance management, and firm-level performance: a review, a proposed model, and new directions for future research.  Academy of Management Annals,  8(1), 127-179. Dusterhoff, C., Cunningham, J. B., & MacGregor, J. N. (2014). The effects of performance rating, leader–member exchange, perceived utility, and organizational justice on performance appraisal satisfaction: Applying a moral judgment perspective.  Journal of Business Ethics,  119(2), 265-273. Elnaga, A., & Imran, A. (2013). The effect of training on employee performance.  European Journal of Business and Management,  5(4), 137-147. Javidmehr, M., & Ebrahimpour, M. (2015). Performance appraisal bias and errors: The influences and consequences.  International Journal of Organizational Leadership,  4(3), 286. Jenter, D., & Kanaan, F. (2015). CEO turnover and relative performance evaluation.  The Journal of Finance,  70(5), 2155-2184. Knies, E., Boselie, P., Gould-Williams, J., & Vandenabeele, W. (2015). Special issue of International Journal of Human Resource Management: Strategic human resource management and public sector performance. Kulkarni, P. P. (2013). A literature review on training & development and quality of work life.  Researchers World,  4(2), 136. Mone, E. M., & London, M. (2014).  Employee engagement through effective performance management: A practical guide for managers. Routledge. Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., & Wanek, J. E. (2014). Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation ofAntecedents.  Improving Training Effectiveness in WorkOrganizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teachout (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 153-189. Ramlall, S. (2004). A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organizations.  Journal of American Academy of Business,  5(1/2), 52-63. Richard, M. A. (2014).  Employee assistance programs: Wellness/enhancement programming. Charles C Thomas Publisher. Shuck, B., Twyford, D., Reio, T. G., & Shuck, A. (2014). Human resource development practices and employee engagement: Examining the connection with employee turnover intentions.  Human Resource Development Quarterly,  25(2), 239-270. Sung, S. Y., & Choi, J. N. (2014). Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations.  Journal of organizational behavior,  35(3), 393-412. Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G., & Halligan, J. (2015).  Performance management in the public sector. Routledge.

Why patient satisfaction is important economically Essay

Why patient satisfaction is important economically - Essay Example The first objective is to come up with data of patient’s perspective of care that will help obtain what is important to the customers. The second objective is to create report that will help hospitals improve their service care. The third objective is to come up with public report to enhance accountability, transparency and quality of care out of the public investment made. It is therefore clear that there is indeed an attempt to improve or achieve patient satisfaction in health care. It is therefore essential to understand that in health care, it is not just important to consider generation of profit, but from an economic perspective patient satisfaction should be above all. Patients: Sources of health care providers’ income Patients are the ones who are served by various health care providers. Patients help the latter to generate their income. Thus, there are various economic incentives that help to achieve or generate user satisfaction. One of these incentives is on quality of professional life that tries to encourage physicians to realize their burden for their patients. However, this move is said to only increase the expectations of health care professionals to long for strong structure of management support that may only end up giving negative impact on the user’s satisfaction (Badia et al., 2007).

PhD Proposal The Effect of learning English in an early age on the Essay

PhD Proposal The Effect of learning English in an early age on the phonological errors in EFL Saudi classes - Essay Example his can cause a great deal of strain in the efforts to communicate in English when pronunciation is diminished because of difficulties with forming English words through a tongue that is trained to form sound within the framework of another language. Learning a second language at an earlier age may diminish this effect as the ability to form language can be more easily manipulated. Phonological errors occur when syllables are either missed or not pronounced within a communication. The forms of these errors can include, but not necessarily be limited to errors involving consonants, vowels, substitutions, additions, omissions, movements, exchanges, prosody (the metrical sound of the way that the language is formed), metathesis (the transposition of letters, sounds, or syllables), or non-contextual errors where there seems to be no definable source (Jaeger, 2005, p 147). According to Binturki (2008), the most common phonological errors that are found in Saudi speakers within their use of the English Language are with the interdentally fricative /v/ and to some degree with the /p/ and /i/. As well, the positions of certain words created difficulty form many users of the English language with the common Arabic dialect of Nadji as their primary language (p. i). The proposed study will be based upon the study done by Tiono and Yostanto (2008) on the phonological errors that were common among Indonesian speaking students when learning the English language (p. 80). The study was centrally focused on the English consonantal sounds that do not exist in the Indonesian language. The researchers identified six specific sounds that were absent in Indonesian and therefore caused difficulty for these students who had completed six courses of education in English (Tiono and Yostanto, 2008, p. 81). An auditory examination was given to 25 students from a private university in East Java, Indonesia where the phonological differences could be appreciated through listening to the

Why College Students in Metro Manila Take Up Part-Time Jobs Essay Example for Free

Why College Students in Metro Manila Take Up Part-Time Jobs Essay A part-time job is a form of labour where in one works fewer hours per week than that of someone who works at a full time job. Those who have part-time jobs work for less than thirty to thirty-five hours a week. May it be capable, post-graduate adults or under-aged students, the amount of people with part time jobs have increased over the past 20 years in most developed countries. â€Å"There are many reasons for working part time, including the desire to do so, having ones hours cut back by an employer and being unable to find a full-time job. † [] Many students work part time jobs to supply themselves with additional funds. Working part-time is ideal for students, since it allows them to balance their academic needs with their school needs. This is one of the things some students in High School look forward to when they graduate and step up to college, to have freedom and a preview of the world that is waiting for them once they graduate. They want a peek of the â€Å"real world† as some say, which is the world of adults, the working world. Though some are forced to go through with this as their economic status demands it, there are still many advantages when it comes to taking up part-time jobs. Collegiate students are given a bigger work load than any other department but many still go through with it despite their amount of tasks. It is because for many hardworking students, like ones who had graduated with many honours, it looks good on a resume. The employers usually see this as a good thing for they know that their candidate for employment can handle a large amount of work properly. With a good looking resume, it would not be that hard to get a job. Moreover, parents would like to give their children a sense of responsibility in which they tell their children to apply for part time jobs so as to let them experience what it feels like to have their own money to budget. Statement of the Problem This study aims to analyze the reasons why college students take up part time  jobs and how they manage their time. In a more detailed manner, it is to answer the following questions: 1. What are the reasons college students take up part time jobs? a. Is it an absolute necessity? 2. How much do they earn per week? 3. On what do they spend their money on? 4. Do they give part of their payment to their parents? a. How many percent? 5. Are they able to manage their time? a. How many hours a day do they work? b. Do they have other activities/responsibilities? 6. What motivates them to keep working? a. Who gave them the idea of applying for their jobs they have? 7. How long have they been working? Scope and Limitations The topic is about collegiate students with part time jobs. The study will be conducted to know how students of different schools in the collegiate department juggle their studies with part time jobs. The study will tell about how they cope with the sudden change in their habits and their time management. The study will also tackle the reasons why they took up their current jobs, if the job is a necessity or if it is of their own desire. The study is time pressured. The time to work on the study is seven months. The respondents will be various students of a few different colleges around the Cavite and Metro Manila area, School Year 2012-2013, who have a job that requires them to work for less than 39 hours a week. Significance of the Study The study is important to many current and upcoming fourth year students who are planning to take up a part time job in their collegiate years. It would help them to further understand the advantages and disadvantages of what they are hoping to get themselves into. This research will help them be sure of what they want. This would also help them find a way to manage their time once they are there. The study would also help the students already in college. It would help those with part time jobs feel easier knowing other people go through the same things they do. The study will also help them manage their time better. It would also help those collegiate students who do not have jobs. It would give them a better view. The study will give them a good, first person point of view insight. Furthermore, this study would also help teachers and parents to understand the stress and pressure the collegiate students with part time jobs go through. This study will open doors for them to be able to create a stronger family bond. Research Design 8. What are the reasons college students take up part time jobs? 9. How much do they earn per week? 10. On what do they spend their money on? 11. Do they give part of their payment to their parents? 12. Are they able to manage their time? 13. What motivates them to keep working? 14. How long have they been working? Input Process 1. To analyze and assess the effects of part time jobs to collegiate students 2. Gathering data by means of handing questionnaires to the respondents. 3. Output 1. Learning how collegiate students with part time jobs cope up with their studies 2. Warning those who plan to take up part time jobs if they are not ready for it 3. Encouraging readers of the study to take the  challenge of having a part time job once they are ready Fig. 1 – Analysis of the Reasons Why College Students Take Up Part Time Jobs and How They Manage Their Time Definition of terms 1. College- is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. 2. Part time job- is a form of employment that carries fewer hours per week than a full-time job. 3. Job- a regular activity performed in exchange for payment. 4. Student- is a learner, or someone who attends an educational institution. 5. Economy- consists of the economic systems of a country or other area; the labour, capital, and land resources; and the manufacturing, production, trade, distribution, and consumption of goods and services of that area. 6. Time management- is the act or process of planning and exercising conscious control over the amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency or productivity. 7. Budget- is a financial plan and a list of all planned expenses and revenues. It is a plan for saving, borrowing and spending. 8. High school- is a term for education system used in parts of the English-speaking world to describe institutions which provide all or part of secondary education, but not always the highest years of basic education, which can be called a secondary school or secondary college or other terms, depending on the nation or region. 9. Teenager- is a young person whose age is between thirteen and nineteen. 10. Labour- productive activity, especially for the sake of economic gain. 11. Responsibility- the state or fact of being responsible. 12. Adult- a person who is fully grown or developed or of age. 13. Pressure- the exertion of force upon a surface by an object. 14. Graduate- a person who has received a degree or diploma on completing a course of study, as in a university, college or school. 15.Employer- is a person or institution that hires employees or workers. 16. Employee- contributes labour and expertise to an endeavour of an employer and is usually hired to perform specific duties which are packaged into a job. 17. Motivation- is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviours. 18. Respondent- is a person who is called upon to issue a response to a communication made by another. 19. Stress- A mentally or emotionally disruptive or upsetting condition occurring in response to adverse external influences and capable of affecting physical health, usually characterized by increased heart rate, a rise in blood pressure, muscular tension, irritability, and depression. 20. School- is an institution designed for the teaching of students (or pupils) under the direction of teachers.

Free Joy Luck Club Essays - Movie vs Book :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

The Joy Luck Club: Movie versus Book In the novel, The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, it tells of four Chinese women drawn together in San Francisco to play mah jong, and tell stories of the past. These four women and their families all lived in Chinatown and belong to the First Chinese Baptist Church. They were not necessarily religious, but found They could improve their home China. This is how the woo's, the Hsu's, the Jong's and the St Clair's met in 1949. The first member of the Joy Luck Club to die was Suyuan Woo. Her daughter, Jing-mei "June" Woo, is asked to sit in and take her mother's place at playing mah jong. Memories of the past are shared by the three women left, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong and Ying-ying St Clair. June Woo learns of the real secret her mother carried to her grave from her mother's friends. The twin baby girls, her half sisters, Suyuan pushed in a Wheelbarrow as she escaped from the Japanese. Due to sickness, Suyuan can no longer carry her babies, and is forced to leave them on the side of the road. She lives her whole life not knowing if they are alive or dead. In the book, the Woo's left for America to build a better life for themselves. Suyuan Woo wanted to have a daughter like herself, and no one would look down on her. It was important that she speak perfect English and hopefully not share in the same tragedies and sorrows she had known. The movie brought this concept out very vividly. You were able to imagine the time and place and the emotions of the characters. Their anger in the early years, how women and children were treated as possessions. The book spoke of Rose Hsu Jordan, daughter of An-mei Hsu, who had seven brothers and sisters. A very tragic time in her life when her brother Bing drowns at age 1 while she was in charge of watching him. The movie does not touch upon this tragic event and brings out the rich family Rose marries into, and the instant rejection from her boyfriends mother. Rose unhappiness in her marriage with Tod, is similar to the unhappiness her mother had throughout her life. Lindo Jong was a special character in the book , referring to promises she made to her mother as a young girl, and keeping them throughout her life.

Code of Ethics. Audit – 1

INTRODUCTION: Code of ethics is a very important matter in each and every profession and in accountancy profession it is more vital. The accountancy profession has a contradictory image. On the one hand accountants are seen as pillars of a society, providing reliable information in there working lives and acting as a treasurer for different public authority institutions, NGOs, banks, educational institution or local organizations in their spare of time. Chartered Accountants are also seen as an independent justifier regarding the financial performance and activities of private and public organizations audited by them that enhance the confidence level of different decision makers. The other side of the coin is the image of aggressive tax schemes, financial scandals and money laundering. Code of ethics establishes the fundamental principles of professional ethics for professional accountants and provides a demonstrative guideline for applying those principles. Professional accountants are required to keep remember and apply this Code of ethics to identify threats to compliance with the fundamental principles, to evaluate their significance and, if such threats are other than clearly insignificant to apply safeguards to eliminate them or reduce them to an acceptable level such that compliance with the fundamental principles is not compromised. WHAT ETHICS IS: Normally ethics is set of beliefs and thoughts of a person about what is right and wrong. In other words ethics can be defined as a set of morale principles or values. Ethics, also known as moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice, etc. WHY CODE OF ETHICS NEED: The services provided by professional accountants have greater involvement with the public interest. Because it is necessary for governments, shareholders, trading partners, management and any other stakeholders, that the financial and other reports and information provided by accountants are reliable and can be used by others as they go about their daily lives. Accountants work creates major impacts in the national economy through capital market as well as revenue collection for public expenditures (taxes). There is a third party involvement in most of accountants work; therefore professional accountants should maintain independence, integrity, objectivity and compliance with other ethical issues. CODE OF ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANTS: The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) issued code of ethics under its own authority, high quality ethical standards and other pronouncements for professional accountants for use around the world. This Code of Ethics establishes ethical requirements for professional accountants. This code consists of: †¢ Fundamental Principles; and †¢ Threats and Safeguards. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: A professional accountant is required to comply with the following fundamental principles: †¢ Integrity †¢ Objectivity †¢ Professional competence and due care †¢ Confidentiality †¢ Professional behavior INTEGRITY: A professional accountant should not allow bias, conflict of interest or undue influence of others to override professional or business judgments. The principle of integrity imposes an obligation on all professional accountants to be straightforward and honest in professional and business relationships. Integrity also implies fair dealing and truthfulness. A professional accountant should not be associated with reports, returns, Communications or other information where they believe that the information: a) Contains a materially false or misleading statement; b) Contains statements or information furnished recklessly; or (c) Omits or obscures information required to be included where such omission or obscurity would be misleading. OBJECTIVITY: A professional accountant should not allow bias, conflict of interest or undue influence of others to override professional or business judgments. The principle of objectivity imposes an obligation on all professional accountants not to compromise their professional or business judgment because of bias, conflict of interest or the undue influence of others. A professional accountant may be exposed to situations that may impair objectivity. It is impracticable to define and prescribe all such situations. Relationships that bias or unduly influence the professional judgment of the professional accountant should be avoided. PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE AND DUE CARE: A professional accountant has a continuing duty to maintain professional knowledge and skill at the level required to ensure that a client or employer receives competent professional service based on current developments in practice, legislation and techniques. A professional accountant should act diligently and in accordance with applicable technical and professional standards when providing professional services. The principle of professional competence and due care imposes the following obligations on professional accountants: (a) To maintain professional knowledge and skill at the level required to ensure that clients or employers receive competent professional service; (b) To act diligently in accordance with applicable technical and professional standards when providing professional services. Competent professional service requires the exercise of sound judgment in applying professional knowledge and skill in the performance of such service. Professional competence may be divided into two separate phases: (a) Attainment of professional competence; and (b) Maintenance of professional competence. The maintenance of professional competence requires a continuing awareness and an understanding of relevant technical professional and business developments. Continuing professional development develops and maintains the capabilities that enable a professional accountant to perform competently within the professional environments. Diligence encompasses the responsibility to act in accordance with the requirements of an assignment, carefully, thoroughly and on a timely basis. A professional accountant should take steps to ensure that those working under the professional accountant’s authority in a professional capacity have appropriate training and supervision. Where appropriate, a professional accountant should make clients, employers or other users of the professional services aware of limitations inherent in the services to avoid the misinterpretation of an expression of opinion as an assertion of facts. CONFIDENTIALITY: A professional accountant should respect the confidentiality of information acquired as a result of professional and business relationships and should not disclose any such information to third parties without proper and specific authority unless there is a legal or professional right or duty to disclose. Confidential information acquired as a result of professional and business relationships should not be used for the personal advantage of the professional accountant or third parties. The principle of confidentiality imposes an obligation on professional accountants to refrain from: (a) Disclosing outside the firm or employing organization confidential information acquired as a result of professional and business relationships without proper and specific authority or unless there is a legal or professional right or duty to disclose; and (b) Using confidential information acquired as a result of professional and business relationships to their personal advantage or the advantage of third parties. A professional accountant should maintain confidentiality even in a social environment. The professional accountant should be alert to the possibility of inadvertent disclosure, particularly in circumstances involving long association with a business associate or a close or immediate family member. A professional accountant should also maintain confidentiality of information disclosed by a prospective client or employer. A professional accountant should also consider the need to maintain confidentiality of information within the firm or employing organization. A professional accountant should take all reasonable steps to ensure that staff under the professional accountant’s control and persons from whom advice and assistance is obtained respect the professional accountant’s duty of confidentiality. The need to comply with the principle of confidentiality continues even after the end of relationships between a professional accountant and a client or employer. When a professional accountant changes employment or acquires a new client, the professional accountant is entitled to use prior experience. The professional accountant should not, however, use or disclose any confidential information either acquired or received as a result of a professional or business relationship. PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOR: A professional accountant should comply with relevant laws and regulations and should avoid any action that discredits the profession. In marketing and promoting themselves and their work, professional accountants should not bring the profession into disrepute. Professional accountants should be honest and truthful and should not: a) Make exaggerated claims for the services they are able to offer, the qualifications they possess, or experience they have gained; or (b) Make disparaging references or unsubstantiated comparisons to the work of others. THREATS AND SAFEGUARDS: THREATS: Compliance with the fundamental principles may potentially be threatened by a broad range of circumstances. Many threats fall into the following categories: (a) Self-interest threats, which may occur as a resu lt of the financial or other interests of a professional accountant or of an immediate or close family member; b) Self-review threats, which may occur when a previous judgment needs to be re-evaluated by the professional accountant responsible for that judgment; (c) Advocacy threat which may occur when a professional accountant promotes a position or opinion to the point that subsequent objectivity may be compromised; (d) Familiarity threats, which may occur when, because of a close relationship, a professional accountant becomes too sympathetic to the interests of others; and e) Intimidation threats, which may occur when a professional accountant may be deterred from acting objectively by threats, actual or perceived. SAFEGUARDS: According to the code of ethics there are two general categories of safeguards : 1. Safeguards created by the profession, legislation or regulation 2. Safeguards within the work environment. Examples of safeguards created by the profession, legislation or regulation: ? Educational training and experience requirements for entry into the profession. ? Continuing professional development requirements. Corporate governance regulations. ? Professional standards. ? Professional or regulatory monitoring and disciplinary procedures. ? External review by a legally empowered third party of the reports, returns, communication or information produced by a professional accountant. Examples of safeguards in the work environment: ? Involving an additional professional accountant to review the work done or otherwise advise as necessary. ? Consulting an independent third party, such as a committee of independent directors, a professional regulatory body or another professional accountant. Rotating senior personnel. ? Discussing ethical issues with those in charge of client governance. ? Disclosing to those charged with governance the nature of services provided and extent of fees charged. ? Involving another firm to perform or repertory part of the e ngagement. CONCLUSION: The importance of professional ethics is that in order for accountancy services to be meaningful, the public must trust accountants and the trust are built by the knowledge that accountants are bound by a professional code of ethics. If the professions to survive and thrive and if its members are to maintain their position, there has to be a code of conduct so that the public are able to fell that they can trust accountant. A distinguishing mark of the accountancy profession is its acceptance of the responsibility to act in the public interest. Therefore, a professional accountant’s responsibility is not exclusively to satisfy the needs of an individual client or employer. In acting in the public interest a professional accountant should observe and comply with the ethical requirements of this Code.

The Provenance Paradox

The provenance paradox describes the challenge for brands originating in a number of regions in the world failing to compete in the top tier markets. Their origin carries a stigma which places them at an inferior position to brands that originate in supposedly more developed and reputable regions. Certain geographies are perceived to produce better products than others, despite the essence being that the products are of the same quality. Following the examples from the case on how they built their up market positions with the strategies for combating the provenance paradox have been detailed: Flaunt Your Country of Origin and Stick to Colonial History Example: Chocolates El Rey and Concha y Toro Chocolates El Rey fails to find a position in the market where it can compete with the famous brands solely because it comes from Venezuela. For this chocolate brand, breaking through the barrier may be through emphasis on the fact that the reputable European chocolate brands actually acquire their main ingredient- cacao beans from El Rey. If El Rey processes these cacao beans, what would prevent it from maintaining the same quality in taste and richness when producing their own chocolate product? However, this may still be a weak point to stress on for El Rey, as consumers may still doubt them having the supposed expertise in refining the ingredient into the final chocolate product. Furthermore, Concha y Toro, the Chilean winemaker should deeply engage in brand management, like El Rey, in order to build stronger awareness of Chile’s exclusive varietals. By this, we describe wines made primarily from a single named grape variety typically displaying the name of that variety on the wine label. Both of these brands should stick to what they do best, in the case of El Rey, them processing some of the best cacao beans in the world, and Concha y Toro having its country, Chile producing great varietals and having a long viticultural history dating to the 16th century, should keep on the combat to get their brands known by firstly establishing price competition and continuing to be low-cost suppliers as they continue to focus on the commodities that made their countries successful way back, and hence achieve scale. Downplay Your Country of Origin Example: Corona Beer Other producers counter the effects that arise with the branded product origin on the positioning of the brand in the market by deviating focus from where the brand really comes from. Where the product is manufactured becomes an insignificant factor in the promotion, and other attributes of the branded product place it on the upper market segment. Corona Beer is one of the brands that use this strategy of ‘downplaying the country of origin’. This type of combat to the provenance paradox renders the brand at risk of not being strong enough to sustain growth in popularity and trust as consumers eventually want to relate the product to where it really comes from. Not establishing the origin raises doubt of authenticity by the consumers. Nonetheless it works well in preventing the brand from being harmed by geographical undermining. Hide Behind A Front Country Example: India IT consulting companies Companies known to produce relatively cheap products are associated with low quality as well. This is the example of IT consulting companies from India as they are presumed to be good for outsourcing IT grunt work, but not for high-level strategic consulting. Hence, these companies tend to consider the â€Å"hide behind a front country† strategy by setting up fronts in Europe to be able to earn premiums for their services in Europe by downplaying the fact that they are Indian companies and choosing to hide behind a front country. Build a Brand For the Long Haul Example: Korean LG & Samsung and Japan automobiles In the electronics industry, brands such as LG and Samsung did not just reach great heights overnight. The fact that they are of Korean origin raised many doubts about their product being of quality competent enough to compete with top electronic brands. The perception of the Brands not being good quality was gradually countered through a strategy of building a brand for the long haul. They did not just emulate high performing brands overnight, but they let the consumers realize their quality through the smaller markets that hey were initially able to penetrate. With time, consumer confidence in the brands positioned them in the upmarket segment. Furthermore, Japan can serve as the best example of how the slow progression to upmarket positioning is nothing easy as after 50 years the Japanese brands in the automobile industry (Nissan, Honda and Toyota), and electronics (Sony) have achieved the upscale position commanding steep premiums with strategic and financial commitment. End note. Having also learnt about â€Å"The Champagne Effect†, where the Protected Geographical Status is a framework of labeling restrictions enforced by the European Union, this framework is more of a tool to insulate brands from quality competition by reinforcing stereotypes about provenance and limiting opportunities for new players from new markets, and not really to prevent inauthentic, cheaper products. This only serves as another hurdle for emerging-market companies. However, as brands compete to overcome provenance paradox, they should consider social media, such as facebook, as this is an inexpensive channel to tout positive consumer reviews and hence get their brands known globally. They should follow what the top brands are already doing. The brands seeking for acceptance have a long way to go as emerging markets are developing faster than the stereotypes are eroding. Hence, with the help of the strategies for combating the provenance paradox they will be able to get out there and be globally recognized with patience, and long standing perseverance.

The Siege and Capture of San Antonio

The Siege and Capture of San Antonio In October-December of 1835, rebellious Texans (who referred to themselves as â€Å"Texians†) laid siege to the city of San Antonio de Bà ©xar, the largest Mexican town in Texas. There were some famous names among the besiegers, including Jim Bowie, Stephen F. Austin, Edward Burleson, James Fannin, and Francis W. Johnson. After about a month and a half of siege, the Texians attacked in early December and accepted the Mexican surrender on December 9. War Breaks out in Texas​ By 1835, tensions were high in Texas. Anglo settlers had come from the USA to Texas, where land was cheap and plentiful, but they chafed under Mexican rule. Mexico was in a state of chaos, having only won its independence from Spain in 1821. Many of the settlers, in particular, the new ones who were flooding into Texas daily, wanted independence or statehood in the USA. Fighting broke out on October 2, 1835, when rebellious Texians opened fire on Mexican forces near the town of Gonzalez. March on San Antonio San Antonio was the most important town in Texas and the rebels wanted to capture it. Stephen F. Austin was named commander of the Texian army and immediately marched on San Antonio: he arrived there with some 300 men in mid-October. Mexican General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos, brother-in-law of Mexican President Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna, decided to maintain a defensive position, and the siege began. The Mexicans were cut off from most supplies and information, but the rebels had little in the way of supplies as well and were forced to forage. The Battle of Concepcià ³n On October 27, militia leaders Jim Bowie and James Fannin, along with some 90 men, disobeyed Austins orders and set up a defensive encampment on the grounds of the Concepcià ³n mission. Seeing the Texians divided, Cos attacked at first light the next day. The Texians were greatly outnumbered but kept their cool and drove off the attackers. The Battle of Concepcià ³n was a great victory for the Texians and did much to improve morale. The Grass Fight On November 26, the Texians got word that a relief column of Mexicans was approaching San Antonio. Led once again by Jim Bowie, a small squad of Texans attacked, driving the Mexicans into San Antonio. The Texians found out that it was not reinforcements after all, but some men sent out to cut some grass for the animals trapped inside San Antonio. Although the â€Å"Grass Fight† was something of a fiasco, it helped convince the Texians that the Mexicans inside San Antonio were getting desperate. Who Will Go with Old Ben Milam Into Bexar? After the grass fight, the Texians were indecisive about how to proceed. Most of the officers wanted to retreat and leave San Antonio to the Mexicans, many of the men wanted to attack, and still others wanted to go home. Only when Ben Milam, a cranky original settler who had fought for Mexico against Spain, declared â€Å"Boys! Who will go with old Ben Milam into Bexar?† did the sentiment for attack become the general consensus. The attack began early on December 5. Assault on San Antonio The Mexicans, who enjoyed vastly superior numbers and a defensive position, did not expect an attack. The men were divided into two columns: one was led by Milam, the other by Frank Johnson. Texan artillery bombarded the Alamo and Mexicans who had joined the rebels and knew the town led the way. The battle raged in the streets, houses and public squares of the city. By nightfall, the rebels held strategic houses and squares. On the sixth of December, the forces continued to fight, with neither making significant gains. The Rebels Get the Upper Hand On the seventh of December, the battle began to favor the Texians. The Mexicans enjoyed position and numbers, but the Texans were more accurate and relentless. One casualty was Ben Milam, killed by a Mexican rifleman. Mexican General Cos, hearing that relief was on the way, sent two hundred men to meet them and escort them into San Antonio: the men, finding no reinforcements, quickly deserted. The effect of this loss on Mexican morale was enormous. Even when reinforcements did arrive on the eighth of December, they had little in the way of provisions or arms and therefore were not much help. End of the Battle By the ninth, Cos and the other Mexican leaders had been forced to retreat to the heavily fortified Alamo. By now, Mexican desertions and casualties were so high that the Texians now outnumbered the Mexicans in San Antonio. Cos surrendered, and under the terms, he and his men were allowed to leave Texas with one firearm apiece, but they had to swear never to return. By December 12, all the Mexican soldiers (except for the most gravely wounded) had disarmed or left. The Texians held a raucous party to celebrate their victory. The Aftermath of the Siege of San Antonio de Bexar The successful capture of San Antonio was a big boost to the Texian morale and cause. From there, some Texans even decided to cross into Mexico and attack the town of Matamoros (which ended in disaster). Still, the successful attack on San Antonio was, after the Battle of San Jacinto, the rebels biggest victory in the Texas Revolution. The city of San Antonio belonged to the rebels...but did they really want it? Many of the leaders of the independence movement, such as General Sam Houston, did not. They pointed out that most of the settlers homes were in eastern Texas, far from San Antonio. Why hold a city they did not need? Houston ordered Bowie to demolish the Alamo and abandon the city, but Bowie disobeyed. Instead, he fortified the city and the Alamo. This led directly to the bloody Battle of the Alamo on March 6, in which Bowie and nearly 200 other defenders were massacred. Texas would finally gain its independence in April  1836, with the Mexican defeat at the battle of San Jacinto. Sources: Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: New York: Anchor Books, 2004.the Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States.New York: Hill and Wang, 2007.

States of Consciousness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

States of Consciousness - Research Paper Example While altered states of consciousness are generally associated with drug use, they also involve meditation and hypnosis. This essay presents a thorough research on these aspects of consciousness. Meditation Meditation is understood as the mode of inducing a specific state of consciousness to achieve a mental benefit. While meditation has a connotation as being a somewhat mystical or new age like experience, in reality it is an ancient practice that has been shown to have positive mental health benefits. In the previous few decades meditation has gradually gained acceptance in the Western world with increasing numbers of individuals and medical practitioners practicing some form of meditation. In terms of medical research, a plethora of studies have examined the physical and mental effects of meditation on human consciousness. In these regards studies have found tangible evidence demonstrating that meditation impacts changes in metabolism, blood pressure, brain activation, and other b odily processes, as well as being implemented in a number of means for stress, pain, and anxiety reduction (Newberg & Iversen, 2003). While meditation has been demonstrated to have beneficial mental effects, what actually constitutes meditation or a meditative state is defined differently among researchers. Wood, Wood & Boyd (2009, pg. 167) understand meditation as, â€Å"a group of techniques that involve focusing attention on an object, a word, one’s breathing, or one’s body movements in an effort to block out all distractions, to enhance well-being, and enact an altered state of consciousness.† This approach to meditation is that which is generally most recognized among Western medical practitioners and psychological professionals. This understanding is oftentimes augmented by an increased emphasis on the attention of the meditator, with Goleman (1988) stating, â€Å"the need for the meditator to retrain his attention, whether through concentration or mindfu lness, is the single invariant ingredient in... every meditation system.† Other researchers have identified the Eastern connotations of the term and recognize its contextual significance within a number of religious or spiritual practices. In these regards, meditation functions to achieve a sort of spiritual enlightenment or transcendence. In terms of Western implementations of meditation there are a variety of practices and corresponding medical research. One of the most prominent meditation practices in the United States is mindfulness based meditation. While influenced by ancient meditative traditions, mindfulness based meditation was popularized in the United States through the work of Jon Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. This form of meditation is greatly influenced by Eastern traditions, most specifically Buddhism, in that it emphasizes non-judgmental self-awareness. This approach has been articulated as a, â€Å"form of naturalistic observa tion, or participant-observation, in which the objects of observation are the perceptible mental phenomena that normally arise during waking consciousness" (Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt & Walach). Much research has been conducted on this form of meditation with many studies indicating that mindfulness based meditation has beneficial effects on stress and anxiety. In addition, it has also been

The US Sugar Policy - Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The US Sugar Policy - Case Study - Essay Example All capital markets are beginning to connect world wide, and this affects even those who are not globally connected. The larger economies will at some point influence those not globally invested as their performance begins to evolve and shape the global financial markets. There may be no other free-trade policy like the U.S. sugar program that illustrates such hypocrisy, and the need for reform. The United States has often prided itself as a world leader in terms of the free trade movement. The culture has always pushed for Globalization and the use of technology to integrate economies. However, there are some industries that remain well protected due to the strength of forceful interest groups and absence of pressure to reform. These protection barriers often hurt our domestic economy and counteract the efforts to promote more open markets and trade negotiations around the world. (Grombride, Mark) In this paper I will examine the flaws in the U.S. Sugar Policy and demonstrate how th ey affect domestic and international farmers. This essay will also demonstrate to show how globalization is reflected in the consumption, production and labor of the sugar industry. The U.S. Sugar policy operates under the Farm Bill, which was overwhelmingly passed in 2008 by Congress. The basic premise behind the sugar policy is that supply should equal demand. The U.S. Department of agriculture has imposed several tools in order to ensure that the sugar policy operates at a minimum cost to the taxpayers. These tools are that: first, they can limit foreign imports to those required in the trade agreement obligation with the exception of Mexico; second, they can control the amount of sugar the U.S. American farmers are allowed to sell; and third, the bill can divert any excess surplus of sugar into ethanol production. (American Sugar Alliance) These tools and policies such as the preferential loan agreements and tariff rate quotas, serve to effectively keep foreign sugar out of the U.S. In return this forces the price of sugar in our market to increase substantially. According to the World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, the U.S. Production projection for sugar produced in April of 2011 was 7,950,000 short tons raw value and the import amount was 3,135,000 short tons raw value. The amount projected in export equaled just 225,000 short tons. In areas such as the Caribbean, sugar is one of their largest earning industries. However, during the past two decades, Caribbean agriculture has experienced a decline in their agricultural production. Once globalization occurred the countries in the Caribbean were greatly affected as the some of the most vulnerable producers. This was due to their limited physical size not allowing them to benefit from economies of scale. For them this translated into higher world prices for production of their main principal products. The Caribbean exported only 669,630 tones of sugar around 2000. (Ahmed, Belal) There are severa l factors that determine the international competitiveness of sugar production. Some of these factors include: tariffs and quotas, the availability of sugar as a natural resource, the cost of production, and international trade agreements. Tariffs and quotas affect the sugar market as American consumers and business are forced to purchase sugar at the U.S. average price vs. the world price. This is due to our low import of foreign sugar. Government enables have protected domestic sugar growers by placing trade restrictions

Joh Stuart and Women Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Joh Stuart and Women Rights - Essay Example The main base of this article is that women are subjugated in every aspect of their lives, and so a kind of legal subjugation is being followed. He wanted the society to avoid this subjugation and provide equal rights to the women, on the lines of the men’s living. Among the many women’s rights related things for which, Mill campaigned, he gave specific focus on women's suffrage rights to case vote in any election, and importantly the need to provide the women the complete access to education. At that time, voting and education remained as a privilege only among the men, with women’s role restricted inside homes. While the suffrage rights for the women came about after carrying out various campaigns throughout Great Britain, educational rights were started to be given in course of time. Apart from these two key issues, Mill focused on how marriage also suppressed the women from expressing their both personal and professional interests. That is, women in his time, once they got married were restricted to doing household chores and taking care of the children inside their homes, without major social roles in the outside. This he thought was a major discrimination against the women. Like how the men perform their allocated tasks in their professional setting, and then have a social life in the outside, women should also be given opportunities to participate in social life, as a kind of relaxation for their daily household chores. He further states that management of the household is not an easy task, and is equal or even tougher than the work being carried out by men in professional settings, and so relaxing opportunities need to be created for them. Thus, the article â€Å"The Subjection of Women† can be viewed as one of the enduring defenses of gender equality, with Mill providing various perspective of how women should be treated in the British society. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain The industrial revolution is the term give n to the heightened activity that was witnessed in various industries in the Great Britain in the 19th century. New technologies were developed in that period, and majority of them had applications in the various industrial sectors. One among them is the steam engine, invention and development of which provided power or energy for many industries to operate. Importantly, Great Britain’s foreign policy strategy of colonialism or imperialism also provided the impetus for the industrial revolution to run. That is, UK and all the major European countries from the initial years of 1500’s, after Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India, moved in large numbers to develop trade relations with many Asian and African countries. However, this trade turned into imperialist leanings due to the weakness of these countries. After defeating the native rulers and crushing any resistance, European countries particularly Great Britain were able to rule them. The ruling by Great Britain does not stop with administration; it went to exploitation of resources, both natural and human. All these countries had plentiful natural resources like iron, gold, cotton, etc, all of which were used as the raw materials for the industries in Great Britain. That is, with the industrial revolution happening side by side with imperialism, the industries of Great Britain were

Marketing Processes and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing Processes and Planning - Essay Example This game is designed for indoor use only. It can be oprated by Apple iOS devices such as iPod, iPod (5Th generation) and iPhone. PESTLE Analysis is an essential and significant tool for analysis of computer and robotic game company i.e. Anki. It will help to find out macro economic factors which are the issues in this industry. This analysis will tell about the advantages and disadvantage of computer and robotic game industry in terms of political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental. Anki is going to launch their new product in the UK market. Anki Drive is a new era of game. It can face lots of problem in the UK market, related to government policies. However, the video game industry market of UK is largest market of Europe and third largest in the world. According to a report the UK market generated $5.2 billion of revenues from video game industry (Newzoo, 2012). The UK market can earn more profit, if this new and unique car racing game is launched in this market. It helps the UK market to increase employments. The price of Anki Drive in the US is $199.99 and when it will be launch to the UK market it price becomes  £119.21 (direct currency conversation) plus export charge or trading charge of product it may go up to  £160 (approx. value, since the price factor may vary with loan factors between this two nations). Trade between these two nations’ shares the global largest foreign direct investment partnership. Hence, there will be no issue between these two nations in terms of economic. In the UK market there are a huge number of Apple product users. Hence, it cannot be a major problem with Anki in terms of social issue in the UK market. Since, Anki Drive is only supported by iOS’ compatible products i.e. iPhone and iPad. Here, technological factor for Anki can be considered as product quality of Anki Drive. However, Anki’ is a new company and willing to lead the global market. Hence, they

Asselts Views of the Kyoto Protocol

Asselts Views of the Kyoto Protocol Asselts Article This paper aims to build upon the article by Asselt (xxxx) by re-examining this example of fragmentation from an updated perspective. Asselts article principally discusses the Kyoto protocol, however this is to be replaced by the recently adopted Paris agreement which is expected to come into force in 2020 (Wilder, 2016) and is not considered in Asselts article. This dissertation will therefore consider the impact of the modified provisions on the conflicts between the UNFCCC and CBD and will then go on to consider possible methods to address these. Differences in how the conflict would traditionally be addressed legally i.e. via the Vienna Convention and via scientific means will be considered in an attempt to inform possible solutions to the problem of fragmentation. Introduction In order to explore this specific topic it is first necessary to discuss the topic of fragmentation more generally, to do this certain questions need to be answered, namely: how did the phenomenon of fragmentation come about? What is fragmentation? What effects does it have? And how does it display itself in Environmental law? Each of these questions will be answered in turn. The Emergence of Fragmentation in International Law Wilfred Jenks was one of the first to highlight the issue of the fragmentation of international law as early 1953, stating that In the absence of a world legislature with a general mandate, law making treaties are tending to develop in a number of historical, functional and regional groups which are separate from each other and whose mutual relationships are in some respects analogous to those of separate systems of municipal law. Fragmentation is synonymous to the development of the international legal system, which has developed considerably in the post-war era with the formulation of the United Nations, of which nearly 200 nations are now members. Furthermore post-Cold War has seen an enormous expansion and transformation of the international judicial system, with the number of judicial bodies almost doubling, coupled with an equally remarkable expansion and transformation of the nature and competence of these international judicial organs. This means that it is meeting increased concern over recent years, including by bodies such as the International Law Commission. Recently the ILC has focused on this subject through its Comission on the Fragmentation of International Law[A1] considering the issue to have attained significance through its proliferation. At its fifty-second session in 2000, the International Law Commission decided to include the topic Risks ensuing from the fragmentation of international law into its long-term programme of work. In the following year, the General Assembly requested the Commission to give further consideration to the topics in that long-term programme. At its fifty-fourth session in 2002 the Commission decided to include the topic, renamed Fragmentation of international law: difficulties arising from the diversification and expansion of international law, in its current work programme and to establish a Study Group. The Study Group adopted a number of recommendations on topics to be dealt with and requested its then Chairman , Mr. Bruno Simma to prepare a study on the Function and scope of the lex specialis rule and the question of self-contained regimes'. At its fifty-fifth session in 2003, the Commission appointed Mr. Martti Koskenniemi as Chairman of the Study Group. The Group also set a tentative schedule for its work, distributed the studies decided in the previous year among its members and decided upon a methodology to be adopted for that work. [A2] Fragmentation as a Phenomenon According to some, Fragmentation is a term used to describe the inadequacy of certain corrective procedures in addressing an ever more congested body of international law. This is partly due to the emergence of a large number of international regulations over such a short period of time. These regulations now relate to an increasing number of interrelated subject areas and specialisations. According to Koskenniemi (2006) what once appeared to be governed by general international law has now become the field of operation for such specialist systems as trade law, human rights law and environmental law. Most international treaties exist parallel to one another and are further developed without the benefit of consideration being given to potential conflicts with other agreements either during their negotiation or at a later stage of their existence, this has had the effect of, in some circumstances, creating a somewhat disharmonious medley of instruments, rife with overlapping and conflicting legal mandates (Hafner, 2004; Scott, 2011). Essentially he is saying that the lack of a general legislative body has resulted in a decentralised system, with the poss ibility of conflict between treaty regimes. Much of the literature dealing with fragmentation of general international law focuses primarily on the effect of fragmentation on international judicial institutions and dispute settlement bodies, and the contribution, as a result of multiplication of these institutions, to fragmentation. However in this subject area the term conflict can be interpreted differently by different authors, with some arguing for a narrow definition and others for a wider definition. This means that there are different types of conflict that can occur, Jenks and a number of other legal scholars endorsed the narrow definition, stating that conflict in the strict sense of direct incompatibility arises only where a party to the two treaties cannot simultaneously comply with its obligations under both treaties although Jenks also acknowledged that the narrow definition might not cover all divergences and inconsistencies between treaties. The narrow position is eve rmore being challenged by critics who argue that this position is limited in that it does not include (among others) incompatibilities between obligations or permissions for example. Erich Vranes argues for a wider definition stating that if one of the norms is necessarily or potentially violated this should also be included, however some critics further assert that these wider definitions do not sufficiently cover all of the various incompatibilities that can occur between fragmented regimes. This has led some authors to consider fragmentation to also include elements of policy conflict, the International Law Commissions (ILC) definition of which is given as a situation where two rules or principles suggest different ways of dealing with a problem and may be considered more appropriate, Asselt states further that this is provided that these different ways of dealing with a problem are contradictory rather than complimentary as will be discussed an overlap in regime coverage may not necessarily produce negative outcomes. The Impacts of Fragmentation Hafner (2004) states that fragmentation may lead to the erosion of general international law and its institutions, involving the loss of its credibility and ultimately its authority. Others make similar points, that such closed jurisdictions and institutions may contribute to a loss of perspective on international law, lead to its uncertain development and create a lack of synergy, with one author stating that with congestion comes collision, and often friction. To others, fragmentation challenges international laws stability, consistency and comprehensiveness. It has been described as leading to inefficiencies for example through the doubling of efforts, which can diminish the effectiveness of international law because scarce financial, administrative or technical resources may be wasted. The effectiveness of international agreements can also be significantly hampered if conflicts between the agreements lead to uncertainties over their interpretation and, consequently, their impleme ntation and overall application. To draw a few of these criticisms down into an example, The MOX Plant case could be said to demonstrate inefficiencies and friction where the regime under the United Nations Convention on the law of the Sea of 1982 conflicted with the system under EC law. From a substantive perspective it requires complex arguments about which regulation to apply, which may lead to more conflicts. This demonstrates the difficulties in providing an answer, the problems of coherence raised by the MOX plant case, for example, have not already been resolved in some juristic heaven so that the only task would be to try to find that pre-existing solution. However the impacts of fragmentation may be more prominent from a secondary law perspective. Major problems arise when a state could resort to different mechanisms of enforcement in resolving one problem. Answers to legal questions become dependent on whom you ask, what rule-system is your focus on. States may resort to t he mechanism that best suits their interests (though this can be views as good or bad). Furthermore the settlements are only reached in one system. This could undermine the tendency towards homogenous international law and engender additional uncertainty of standards to be applied to a given case. While some see the large problems mentioned such as an overarching loss of legal security others see a mere technical problem. Fragmentation is also viewn in a positive light, as an inevitable symptom of the international communitys rapid response to a host of emerging and ever more complicated pressures. To this end its greater degree of specialisation may present more opportunities to accommodate the unique needs of certain situations, through for example dispute settlement mechanisms, and this may in turn enhance a states likelihood of compliance. Overlaps also gives rise to the potential for improving synergy between obligations, making them more mutually supportive and enhancing their implementation (Scott, 2011). Though, according to others, fragmentation is not inherently negative and there are both positives and negative consequences that can be drawn from the phenomenon. Fragmentation in Environmental Law International environmental law is one of the fastest developing sub disciplines of international law, it serves to address all of the emerging global environmental challenges that are now being revealed according to modern science. Despite being less than 50 years old in 2017 (its basic framework being established in 1972 with the adoption of the United Nations Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment) it has now proliferated into over 200 multilateral treaties associated with a host of emerging environmental issues. In fact to date the greatest number of environmental agreements/protocols/amendments have emerged between the years of 1990 and 1999, making them less than 27 years old (Kolari, 2002; Mitchell, 2016). Given its relative infancy and the remarkable speed of its development, the IEL sub-discipline is particularly prone to examples of fragmentation. IEL may be distinguishable, or even unique in its interaction with fragmentation compared to other sub-sects of internati onal law for certain reasons. For example as a sub-species and as a result of inter-disciplinary fragmentation IEL displays more examples of intra-disciplinary (or inter-sectoral) fragmentation. Intra-disciplinary fragmentation entails that each of the broader sub-disciplines of international law consist of various sectors. This manifestation of fragmentation is disciplinary-specific and essentially relates to fragmentation between the various sectors which form part of the IEL sub-discipline. IEL is further outstanding in that its nature has led to the proliferation of a number of soft law instruments and protocols, the more primary normative mechanisms of which include (among others): conventions, protocols, subsequent treaty institutions, competent authorities, rules, procedures and governance instruments. This means that it may better exhibit examples of fragmentation that fit into the wider definitions discussed earlier, when compared to other forms of international law. Howeve r in the terms of these primary normative rules the more cumbersome, duplicative, conflict-ridden, and confusing the international environmental governance effort is. Collectively however these weaknesses may also be referred to as governance inefficiencies, which, in the environmental context, may not be conducive to sustainability. A key concern in this regard may be associated with IELs credibility, which fragmentation is likely to threaten. This is particularly concerning in the case of environmental law, because as Bailey (1999) states: [at the governmental level] environmental agreements are often already plagued with a number of credibility issues, including those related to its authority, such as those associated with a lack of enforceability. Thus any additional flaws in the credibility of environmental instruments created by fragmentation will only act to exacerbate this problem. Managing fragmentation Generally, both the doubling of efforts and conflicts between environmental agreements require a systematic approach to harmonization and coordination in order to provide for greater coherence and, accordingly, enhanced efficiency of international law. Ultimately, regardless of the position taken, fragmentation needs to be examined and managed, such that any negative effects can be minimised, and any positive maximised. But if fragmentation is in this regard a natural development (indeed, international law was always relatively fragmented due to the diversity of national legal systems that participated in it) then it is not obvious why the Commission should deal with it. There are good reasons for concerns. As the international legal system has developed so far, it has had little experience with fragmentation, and its rules have not evolved to deal with fragmentation in a satisfying way. [A3] http://www.glogov.org/images/doc/WP30.pdf It can be said that fragmentation reflects the high political salience of environmental issues and their particular problem structure, and should be regarded as a strength rather than a weakness of environmental co-operation(Oberthà ¼r and Gehring 2004: 369). However, the multiplicity of institutional arrangements, and consequently the overlapping of regimes, could also pose a threat to the coherence of international environmental governance. In dealing with interactions, it is therefore important to aim at strengthening the overall coherence of international cooperation, by exploiting the synergies between different agreements, and minimising potential or actual conflicts.