Classical Vs. Operant Conditioning - 1582 Words

Classical and Operant Conditioning Ivan Pavlov once said, Don t become a mere recorder of facts, but try to penetrate the mystery of their origin.† Often times in the fast pace world that college students live today many get so caught up in sheer memorization of everything that comes their way just to pass with that sought-after A. What is often looked past is the true meaning of concepts and ideas to retain the information needed for success. It was this very mindset instilled with in great men such as Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and many more who have broken new ground and uncovered amazing things so that the world is now able to have a better understanding of key concepts in how humans and animals learn. After years of work and†¦show more content†¦Things that shouldn’t be all that scary but over time have developed a stimulus that causes a reaction (Field Purkis, 2012, cited in Weiten, 2017). There are four basic terms that are very key in understanding clas sical conditioning. First, unconditioned stimulus (UCS), is a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (Weiten, 2017). The unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that occurs naturally without any outside interaction. This is something that happens in a person’s daily life, with no thought given to it. The second term is the unconditioned response (UCR), an unlearned reaction to a nonconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning (Weiten, 2017). This is the natural reaction to the natural stimulus. Nothing has been learned or conditioned yet, these are both baseline things happening in a natural form. Third, conditioned stimulus (CS), a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response (Weiten, 2017). Time after time the neutral stimulus slowly become the conditioned stimulus, it has slowly been developed and learned to create a stimulus. It is not something that i s recognized while it is happening, gradually helps itself in the forming of the stimulus. Lastly, the fourth term, conditioned response, a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning (Weiten, 2017). This is where theShow MoreRelatedOperant Vs. Classical Conditioning1211 Words   |  5 PagesOperant and Classical Conditioning Tiara Gordon PS 210 Professor Rivera Introduction Operant and Classical conditioning reminds me of the famous controversy, nature vs nurture. It’s like having a pessimistic or optimistic view on learning techniques and how much of the environment or genes influence the two. These learned behaviors have been scrutinized by people alike, some have debated that everything we do from the time we wake up to the time we go to sleep is operant conditioningRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning1172 Words   |  5 PagesPavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studiesRead MoreClassical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pages 1. a) Define Classical Conditioning and Behaviorism. b) Identify the two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a type of learning process of an individual when they come in contact with certain stimuli. According to Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, he developed several experiments on learning and he discovered that classical condition is the basic form of learning for an individual. However, according to Pavlov, behaviorismRead MoreClassical Vs. Operant Conditioning1072 Words   |  5 Pages PsychSim 5: OPERANT CONDITIONING Name: Melissa Mallay Section: 130-01 Date: February 25, 2015 Classical Versus Operant Conditioning †¢ What is the distinction between classical and operant conditioning? In Operant conditioning, subjects learn from experiences and create a relationship between behavior and consequences. As a result, when actions are provided with a favorable result, they are reproduced. Likewise, unfavorable actions are not reproduced because the subject operates inRead MoreLearning and Development Theories939 Words   |  4 Pagesexplaining the development of individuals. Classical and Operant Conditioning: One of the most important learning theories is classical conditioning that was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist who discovered the phenomenon while conducting analysis on digestion. Classical conditioning basically refers to the automatic or effortless reaction to stimuli and is commonly known as respondent or Pavlovian conditioning. This type of conditioning takes place when animals learn to relate thingsRead MoreThe Process of Conditioning963 Words   |  4 PagesFlorida Sahay Professor Griffin Psychology 1101 Fall 2009 The Conditioning Process It was raining when Sarah was driving home from work. Both she and the driver of the car in front of her were speeding. The car in front of her had immediately braked. There was not enough distance between that car and her own car to safely slow to a stop, so she had quickly switched lanes to avoid a car accident. Instead, the slick pavement caused her car to swerve out of control. When her car finallyRead MorePsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviors using conditioned responses. Pavlovs views intrigued American John Watson, who pushed the idea forward in up through the 1950s. Building on these theories, but amending the model with the effects of punishment and reward, B.F. Skinners work had a revolutionary effect on behaviorism, now called operant conditioning (Shiraev, 2010, pp. 246-54). Learning Theory- Some say a logical reactionRead MoreBowlby s Theory Of Attachment1255 Words   |  6 Pages(Bruno et al., 2014) Pavlov and Skinner are two other theorists with views on behaviours which can be applied to attachment. Pavlov’s theory is that of classical conditioning which focuses on involuntary behaviours. While Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviours. (Cherry, no date) Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning is that an unconditioned stimulus will trigger an unconditioned response. The unconditioned stimulus in attachment is the milk and the unconditionedRead MoreEssay on connecting the dots608 Words   |  3 Pages Define classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is: the learning that takes place based on an association of stimulus that does not elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit a response. Operant conditioning is:a process in which a response is gradually learned via reinforcement or punishment. How are they the same? They are the same because they are both are gradual process. How are they different? They are different because in Classical conditioning stimulusRead MoreThere Are Many Types Of Conditioning That People Used To1427 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many types of conditioning that people used to learn things. The first type of condition that we talk about in this paper is classical condition. The second type of conditioning is called operant conditioning. And the last type of conditioning is vicarious conditioning / Observational Learning. These are the 3 main types of conditioning that we use in are daily life. Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is one of the most basic forms of learning that we use today. You can see it

Many MNEs may want to start operations in some foreign country Essay Free Essays

Establishment manner means that the MNE starts its operations from abrasion in the foreign state normally through a entirely owned subordinate where as in entry manner ; this can be accomplished by a subordinate or through partnership with a local party which involves shared ownership. In this survey the writers examine the consequence of same variables on both these picks available to a company. They do it through a series of hypotheses. We will write a custom essay sample on Many MNEs may want to start operations in some foreign country Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first hypothesis measures the positive consequence of greater institutional promotion on the pick that the company makes. Institutional promotion is defined in the survey as refering to alterations in formal establishments over a period of clip. It is argued that regulative forces are likely to be a large influence on a determination that an MNE makes with respect to its constitution or entry pick. Regulative forces or instead Regulative forces as described in the survey are non limited to Torahs and ordinances merely but besides include political and other societal factors. The writers conclude that institutional promotion has a positive consequence on the pick to set up a subordinate with shared ownership. The 2nd hypothesis postulated by the authors’ measures the chairing consequence of institutional promotion on the inclination of a technologically intense house to either travel for constitution manner or entry manner. It is argued that houses which are engineering intense should travel for constitution manner because their competitory advantages are embedded in their labour force accomplishments and organisational patterns so it is more efficient for them to get down from abrasion. They should engage and develop the local labour force. Furthermore in instance of a joint venture or portion ownership of the subordinate. protecting the rational rights can be an issue. Protection of such rights is dependent on the judicial system. In passage economic sciences where the bench is corrupt and rational belongings rights are non respected. an MNE would be loath to reassign its engineering. Therefore writers conclude that house with advanced proprietary engineering are likely to prefer establishment manner but degree of institutional promotion has a positive moderating consequence on such a house traveling for entry manner. The 3rd hypothesis measures the chairing consequence of institutional promotion on a multidomestic MNE to either travel for constitution of entry manner. Multidomestic houses are defined as those which pursue multidomestic scheme and want to set up a sustainable local market presence. For such MNEs geting a local company is a more attractive option because such acquisition can supply them with local trade names. market cognition. distribution channels and web relationships with the host country’s other concerns and authorities. How the restructuring and realignment of the acquired entity can be really ambitious. The houses in the host state are likely to be following a different paradigm. But on the other manus if an MNE goes for shared ownership or entry manner. it can carry through more without confronting these troubles. It is argues that a multidomestic MNE requires lesser control on the subordinate. If this is so so subordinates in the host state can hold considerable freedom and run on their ain to the full leveraging their local expertness. Hence it is concluded institutional promotion has a positive moderating consequence on a multidomestic MNE to travel for entry manner. Finally the writers have used an international study to garner the information to back up their findings. The study consists of a questionnaire with 33 unfastened and near complete inquiries. Furthermore the MNE’s latest constitution manner pick or entry manner pick has been taken as the dependant variable. Review This survey is no uncertainty a valuable plus for directors and pupils likewise in analyzing the behaviour of MNEs in doing their picks when it comes to Foreign Direct Investment but however it has a few defects and failings. But the biggest defect of this survey is the range. The writers have chiefly taken a sample of European MNEs. And the so called economic systems in passage are fundamentally east European states which were one time under the Fe drape. First we need to see the fact that Europeans MNEs may be really different from Nipponese or American MNEs and so forth. The constitution or entry manner pick for Nipponese houses may be dependent on or moderated by variables other than the 1s discussed here. Similarly an MNE whether European or Nipponese may make up one’s mind to put in some state in Central Asia or North Africa or even South Asia. The market conditions in these states are really different from those of the passage economic systems discussed by the writers. This means that the findings in this survey are non universally applicable. Nevertheless it is a valuable add-on to our cognition sing MNE behaviour in doing Foreign Direct Investment determinations. But for any research worker seeking to confer with this survey. it is really of import to maintain the above mentioned restrictions in head. How to cite Many MNEs may want to start operations in some foreign country Essay, Essay examples

Stop Terrorism free essay sample

Like many, I was upset about the horrific terrorist attacks on London on July 7th. I spent a few days in London just this past Christmas. I know my way around the Tube. It gave me flashbacks of my days working at Ground Zero right after the September 11th attacks, and the thousands of grieving people I met in the months afterwards as a Red Cross coordinator of chaplains at the New York Family Assistance Center. ? However, I am equally upset by the ongoing U. S. terrorist attacks on Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine and elsewhere.My heart breaks with every report of the hundreds of nameless people who die from our bombs, our weapons, our soldiers. ? For me, then the question, ? How to Stop Terrorism is easy. We stop terrorism first of all by stopping our own terrorism! We cannot fight terrorism by becoming terrorists. We cannot end terrorism by using the methods of terrorism to bomb and kill Iraqis, to occupy Iraq, to support the terrorist occupation of the Palestinians, and to hold the world hostage with our nuclear weapons. We will write a custom essay sample on Stop Terrorism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We must bring the troops home from Iraq, fund nonviolent democratic peacemakers in Iraq, send food and medicine to Iraq, support United Nations? nonviolent peacemaking solutions, end world hunger immediately, cut all U. S. military aid everywhere, dismantle every one of our nuclear weapons, fund jobs, education and healthcare at home and abroad, clean up the environment and teach nonviolence to everyone around the world, beginning at home in every U. S. classroom. ? As I watch the TV news reporters and commentators, I am amazed at their lack of understanding.Half the world considers the United States the leading terrorist in the world, by our public spokespeople remain clueless about what? s really going on. We are seen as terrorists by many around the world because we bombed and killed 100,000 people in Iraq in 2003, and because we have over 20,000 weapons of mass destruction, (many of them in my neighborhood in New Mexico), which we are willing to use on any nation that does not support ? U. S. interests.? Our wars and bombing raids and hostility toward the world? s poor are turning the world against us.We are breeding thousands of new terrorists, desperate poor people who have nothing, whose backs are up against the wall, and who have learned from our total violence to adopt the lunacy of violence, even suicidal violence, to strike back, blow up trains and buses, and spend their lives spreading fear. ? Violence in response to violence can only lead to further violence. Jesus taught us that as the soldiers were dragging him away to his death when he said, ? Those who live by the sword, will die by the sword. ? Gandhi taught us that when he said, ? An eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind.? Violence cannot stop violence. We have to break the cycle of violence, renounce violence, start practicing creative active nonviolence on a level that the world has never seen, and reach out and embrace the world? s poor by meeting their every need. Then, we will win over the world, and no one will ever want to hurt a Westerner again. On that new day, we will sow the seeds of love and peace and discover what a world without terrorism, war, poverty, and fear is like. ? I remember with sadness meeting thousands of Iraqis in 1999 when I led a group of Nobel Peace Prize winners to Baghdad.We asked everyone the simple question, ? What do you want us to do Everyone we met, from the Papal Nuncio to the Muslim Iman to the non-governmental organization leaders (including the late, great Margaret Hassan) to hundreds of high school children to the hundreds of mothers holding their dying children, said: ? Don? t kill us!? That sounds so obvious, but they said it with tears. If you want to help us, don? t kill us! If you want us to live in peace, don? t kill us! If you want us to be friends with you, don? t kill us!If you want Iraq to create a new democracy, don? t kill us! Send us food and medicine instead, and fund nonviolent, democratic movements for peace. Then, we will live in peace with you. ? I reject violence and espouse only nonviolence, but I know that most Americans support, even relish violence, anything for ? God and country,? they say. If people really believe in violence and justified warfare, then why should they be upset when individuals, or hundreds, or thousands, or maybe someday millions of people turn against the United States, England, or ther first world nations in acts of terrorism? What do they expect when we have shown only hostility to the world? s poor, when we have practiced genocide against people in Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine, Darfur, Haiti, and elsewhere? Why are people who espouse violenceincluding most Americans, most TV commentators, most government officials, even most church peopleso upset about these terrorist attacks, when they themselves support terrorism upon sisters and brothers elsewhere on the planet? I do not understand our love of violence. If you want other people to be nonviolent, you first have to be nonviolent. If you want to remove the speck from someone else? s eye, you have to remove the two by four from your own head. If you want other nations to hold you in high regard, you first have to hold other nations in high regard, and treat every human being on the planet as a sister and brother. As someone once said, ? Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.?That is the answer to the nightmare of terrorism. ? On August 6th, thousands of us across the country will remember that the United States vaporized 140,000 innocent, ordinary people sixty years ago in Hiroshima, Japan, in the ultimate terrorist attack. That morning, hundreds of us will converge on Los Alamos, New Mexico, the birthplace of the bomb, and citing the book of Jonah, we will put on sackcloth and ashes, repent for the sin of war and nuclear weapons, and beg the God of peace for the disarmament of the world.That afternoon, I will fly to Las Vegas, to join over five hundred people of faith in a three day interfaith peace conference, where I will speak and then we will drive out to the Nevada Test Site, where hundreds of us will commit civil disobedience by walking onto the Test Site and getting arrested in a peaceful demand that they close this U. S. nuclear terrorist training camp. I hope everyone everywhere will stand up in protest against nuclear terrorism on August 6th. ? How do we stop terrorism? Renounce every trace of violence in your heart and your life.Adopt the wisdom and practice of active nonviolence, as Gandhi and Dr. King taught. Beg the God of peace for the gift of peace. Join your local peace and justice group. Stand up publicly for an end to war. Let your life be disrupted, and take a new, nonviolent risk for disarmament. Create new cells of active nonviolence. Embrace the religious roots of nonviolence. Study and teach the wisdom of nonviolence. Resist your local military and government violence. Stop business as usual, government as usual, media as usual, war as usual and demand peace, justice, and disarmament for the whole world, now.Announce the vision of a new nonviolent world, a disarmed world, a world without war, poverty, injustice or nuclear weapons. Explain how such a world is possible if we give our lives for it, demand it, insist on it, work for it, and begin to live it. ? Rev. John Dear is a Catholic peace, peace activist, and coordinator of Pax Christi New Mexico, a Catholic peace group. He is the author/editor of 20 books on peace and nonviolence, including two books just published from Doubleday, â€Å"Living Peace† and â€Å"The Questions of Jesus†. For information, see: www. johndear. org